You try at the beginning to detail everything down the road. Estimating Poker. What does a Story Point represent ? They represent the amount of effort required to implement a user story. By using the Fibonacci sequence as a scale, teams can assign story points to tasks or user stories in a relative and efficient manner. I understand the benefit of using the Fibonacci sequence for estimates. If you’ve ever done agile estimating with story points or used Planning Poker ®, you may have used either the Fibonacci sequence or a modified Fibonacci sequence. Brad, the product owner, has brought a stack of 30 user stories from his product backlog, and the team is going to size them by playing the Team Estimation. These two agile estimation processes carry a significant level of importance in the scrum process to best determine how much effort is required in development. 5 hours to. Then, they assign a minimal story point value (1 or 0. 5 sprints (500/40 hours per week/five team members). Each card has a number from the Fibonacci sequence: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,. What do we estimate? Agile teams estimate each user story and put that on the story card. Weekdays: 9am to 5pm Weekends: CLOSEDAgile estimating uses relative sizing to provide a realistic way for teams to forecast work. Planning Poker – Agile Estimation Method 2. Agile Mentors Community Gets Real about Story Points and Fibonacci. The traditional approach is to estimate using a "bottom-up" technique: detail out all requirements and estimate each task to complete those requirements in hours/days, and then use this data to develop the project schedule. Fibonacci, paired with User Stories being high-level estimations, gives a more approximate idea (educated guess) of how complex a feature is going to be. What is Story-Point Estimation? Before we understand what story-point estimation is, we have to understand what a Story is. Before you introduce t-shirt sizing to your team, decide on the sizes you want to use. . Going over 21 is usually a bad idea. The method works by assigning points to tasks, based on their size and scale. One of the characteristics of the Fibonacci series is that the gaps between the values increases with their size. In spite of the widespread use of the Fibonacci scale in agile estimation, we do not know much about how this scale influences the estimation process. Using points is one version of what is often called "Relative sizing. T-shirt sizing is a common agile estimation. For example, if we have a list of ten jobs, we’ll first determine the user-business value score for each using a modified Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 20) and scoring guardrails. 5) to their baseline. In the first study, we gave. Your team will make two estimations, one for effort, and another for value. Here's a step-by-step guide to streamline your estimation process: Individual Estimation: Gather your team members and have each one independently estimate the size of the task using the. The cards are revealed, and the estimates are. The third reason teams estimate their product backlogs is to help their Scrum product owners prioritize. In order to play Planning Poker® the following is needed: The list of features to be estimated. Scenario 1: Let us say the story is small. , S, M, L. Story points are used to represent the size,. Typically combined with. It consists of a set of numbers similar to Fibonacci numbers, including: 0, 0. Definition of Fibonacci agile estimation The Fibonacci agile estimation is a point-based prioritization method that helps product managers estimate the time and resources. How to Effectively Use Fibonacci Estimation in Agile. A credulous estimation can immensely help in product management and one of the scales to do such estimation is ‘Fibonacci. Introduction. The point allocation mechanism helps a team know which urgent tasks require more time and resources for execution. Story point estimation is an agile technique employed to help teams improve their estimation skills, speed up delivery, and quickly gauge the difficulty levels associated with user. However, this modified Fibonacci sequence in Agile estimation world is 1,2,3,5,8,13,20,40…. The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers that grow because each number is the sum of the previous two numbers. Some. Agile teams usually estimate the amount of work required to complete a particular user story in terms of story points (or points). This sequence, known as the Fibonacci sequence, is utilized as a scoring scale in Fibonacci agile estimation. Jira is a software development tool that can create, manage. You might be surprised to learn that this mathematical wonder isn't confined to textbooks and equations. It is designed specifically to help teams to estimate their capacity in future sprints. You can start increasing numbers in the series by 60% from the number, 2. •. We can match our seven. Planning Poker is a formal part of the Scaled Agile Framework. Everyone will have a set of cards to denote each number on the Agile Fibonacci sequence: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 20, 40, and 100. Fibonacci is good because the larger the estimate the less inherently accurate it is. Create a story point matrix. The objective of the Estimation would be to consider the User Stories for the Sprint by Priority and by the Ability of the team to deliver during the Time Box of the Sprint. A story point matrix is basically a fleshed-out version of your story point sequence. Using this information the product owner can clearly explain their priorities and team members can have a rough idea of who is responsible. High estimation speed:. Agile teams discuss upcoming tasks and assign points to each one using the Fibonacci scale to prioritize tasks to be included in the next sprint. Each estimation is modified just for the sake of easiness of use of 20,40,80 and 100. Developers and Estimation:One of the aspects of a Scrum Development Team is to self-organize themselves and are expected to manage their own work. This sequence, known as the Fibonacci sequence, is utilized as a scoring scale in Fibonacci agile estimation. While you can’t see a one-floor difference at 100 stories, you can tell which skyscraper is taller if one is 100. Grape. In all references to velocity it is mentioned it is a simple sum of all the estimates. Aim: Better understanding of the effect of going from a linear scale to a Fibonacci scale in effort estimation. Rather than using a number of planning pokers, here, Items are classified into t-shirt sizes: XS, S, M, L, XL. Planning Poker using Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5. So the sequence will be 0. The rapidly increasing Fibonacci numbers, on the other hand, cushions for this risk by assigning a high value to high-risk work packages. Agile teams usually estimate the amount of work required to complete a particular user story in terms of story points (or points). We believe that mature Agile teams can evolve beyond the tedium of debating Fibonacci scores and operate better without them. Team's composition should remain stable for a sufficiently long. Story points are estimated using one of the fair method like planning poker or affinity estimation. It retains the essence of exponential growth while addressing some complexities arising during agile estimating. The 'Ideal Hours' approach consists. Affinity estimation. Relative values are more important than the raw values. While you prepare to use planning poker in your next product roadmap planning meeting, consider Easy Agile TeamRhythm. For agile estimation purposes, some of the numbers have. Hence, the estimation in hours is subjective, whereas the estimation in story points is objective, wherein three means a particular level of complexity for all the team members. Please note: In order to fully understand this article you. Agile teams often use ‘estimating poker,’ which combines expert opinion, analogy, and disaggregation to create quick but reliable estimates. If it is being used to criticise the performance of teams then you have a problem. As the Scrum sprint is a time-boxed period, the delivery of software has to be calibrated to fit in it. Estimation practices in Agile take the form of relative estimation rather than ‘precise’ estimation. Using Fibonacci sequence numbers. Agile estimating uses relative sizing to provide a realistic way for teams to forecast work. We adapted the Fibonacci scale in our agile teams to just 0 - 0. Although they are the most popular way to estimate effort in Sprint Planning and estimation, story points can be misused. Estimating Tasks In Agile. NOTE: This subset of the modified Fibonacci sequence assures that WSJF compares relatively like-sized features. Team's composition should remain stable for a sufficiently long duration. This approach proves highly valuable as it simplifies the process by restricting the number of values in the sequence, eliminating the need for extensive. What is Planning Poker? Planning poker (also called Scrum poker) helps agile teams estimate the time and effort needed to complete each initiative on their product backlog. 14 to 63. Fibonacci scale (agile) In Agile software development, the Fibonacci scale consists of a sequence of numbers used for estimating the relative size of user stories in points. It was then refined even further and. Even if you embrace the practice of estimating with story-points and user stories, you can use any relative-sizing tools you want. However, similar to traditional software project effort estimation [6],So, when using the Fibonacci sequence for agile estimation, if a work item (like building the treehouse) becomes too big and reaches a Fibonacci number like 21, it signals that we should break it down into smaller, more digestible tasks. which follows the Fibonacci sequence. T-shirt sizes (Estimation units) XS, S, M, L, XL are the units you’ll use to estimate Agile projects for this technique. Gather your team and discuss the various steps in your next project. Agile Estimation Reference Stories. Magic estimation with story points. Planning poker. This sequence is the sum of the. Planning poker is basically voting with cards that have Fibonacci sequence numbers on them. When the first piece of work is described to the group, the members have an opportunity to ask questions and clarify the requirements. Esencialmente, Fibonacci en Agile le da a los equipos y los gerentes de proyectos una forma realista de abordar las estimaciones utilizandopuntos de historia. Fibonacci Series & Story Points In Fibonacci-based estimation scales, there is a higher number of values below than above the medium value of the scale. One popular technique for story sizing is to use the Fibonacci. Planning poker is applicable to any process that requires an estimation of effort involved in upcoming work, not just software development. These two agile estimation processes carry a significant level of importance in the scrum process to best determine how much effort is required in development. How to Effectively Use Fibonacci Estimation in Agile. In fact it grows as a logarithmic function. Specific instructions follow: Start by estimating the CoD components (user-business value, time criticality, risk reduction and/or opportunity enablement), in columns 1,2, and 3, one column at a time , setting the. ”. Without accurately estimating the cost and time frame of a. Consider the benefits of using the Fibonacci scale to guide resource allocation. However, it can be intricate to work with. These. 5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8. Estimating Alternatives to T Shirt Sizing in Agile. Al usar la escala de Fibonacci en un entorno Agile, tu equipo puede obtener los siguientes beneficios: Involucrar a todo el equipo. Agile Points (Fibonacci), Task Estimation, & Planning for Teams. Essentially, Fibonacci in Agile gives teams and project managers a realistic way to approach estimates using story points . This research project contributes to strengthening the use of hybrid models. Essentially, the Agile Fibonacci scale gives teams a more realistic way to approach estimates using story points. Agile teams favor the Fibonacci numbering system for estimating. Coming back to Fibonacci sequence in this series of numbers, an accurate estimate would be 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13,21,34,55…. Gives a Sense of Objectivity: If a developer can complete one story in 5 hours, the same 5 hours can be either two or seven for the other. Furthermore, the team reaches a. When using the Fibonacci scale in Agile settings, your team can experience the following benefits: Using the Fibonacci scale scoring method leads to faster estimation over time, and a big win for. Many agile teams use story points as. The Product Owner and ALL members of the Team; not only development, but testers, user interface designers, database administrators, etc. The cards are numbered in order using the Fibonacci series or a variation of it. An hour. For estimating the. Too big user stories are not recommended. Few popular techniques are T-shirt size Estimation, Planning Poker estimation in Fibonacci numbers (Most famous Agile estimation technique) which suggest comparative estimation as compared to. In addition, the Fibonacci series approach is used to scale each. For software developers, Agile Estimation can be a difficult task to a project exactly. 1. Hence, the estimation in hours is subjective, whereas the estimation in story points is objective, wherein three means a particular level of complexity for all the team members. The Agile philosophy is a collection of values and principles designed to help manage work more efficiently. While. Choose a proper agile estimation technique: Planning poker, T-Shirt Size, Dot Voting, and seven more. Fibonacci series is used while playing the planning poker with higher numbers rounded off (0, 0. 2 reactions. That’s because the difference between two story points is usually more pronounced. It is a non-liner scale of estimation technique. The reason an exponential scale is used comes from Information Theory. Planning Poker is done with story points, ideal days, or any other estimating units. As effort increases and becomes harder to predict, the gaps get bigger. We compare this with reference story (Please refer my previous. A few alternatives to T-Shirt sizing in agile would be affinity mapping and planning poker. The guardrails should represent work that has been done previously to ensure consistent estimation. One of the reasons this approach is successful is because it’s a departure from standard units of time, and. ) OR Rounded Fibonacci sequence (1,2,3,5,8,13,20,40, 60,100). Planning Poker uses the Fibonacci Sequence to add an estimated value or a point to any of the features or Agile user-stories. Fibonacci agile estimation is a combination of two concepts: the Fibonacci sequence and Agile estimation. Learn what the Fibonacci sequence is and how you can apply it to Agile estimations. Fibonacci sequence is pretty much popular – in Mathematics it is defined as such: each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, and the first 2 elements of the sequence are 0 and 1. Benefits of using a Fibonacci scale for Agile estimation. So when Scrum teams come up with a story point estimate (usually via planning poker ), they use FIbonacci numbers for those estimates. Agile has been widely used in software development and project delivery. This is one of the benefits of using Fibonacci numbers in agile development - if the estimated effort (or uncertainty) of the user story is too large, the numbers must be more spread apart in. You should be ready to play planning poker. It is useful when the team is small and the number of participants is less as well. Affinity Estimation is a technique many agile teams use too quickly and easily estimate a large number of user stories in story points. T-shirt sizing is a common agile estimation technique that can be very effective for long-term planning or helping your team get used to relative estimating. )Estimation for agile projects is a team effort. Using Fibonacci series numbers, we estimate points based on number of hours it would take a lead engineer to do something. The Modified Fibonacci Sequence is a variation of the traditional Fibonacci sequence, tailored for agile estimation. The Power of Story Point Estimating ; Trends in Agile Estimating Story point estimating using Fibonacci sequence is most common • • • • • • • • Story points with Fibonacci 40% Story points (FP, LOC, hours, ideal days) 18% T-Shirt sizes 10% Function points 8% Hours 9% Other 8% Ideal Days 5%. Once you’ve completed your agile estimation meeting, Parabol will automatically sync estimated user stories back to the backlog, ready for sprint planning. A crucial aspect is to estimate their work so that it gives predictability to the Product Owner and Stakeholders. The formula to arrive at a Fibonacci sequence is: Xn = Xn-1 + Xn-2. )T-Shirt Size Estimation. When using Planning Poker®, influence between the participants are minimized and therefore a more accurate estimation result is produced. 5. This is best explained through an example that compares simple time-based estimation with Fibonacci estimation. ), choose the scope of the session – board, JQL, pick a board, where you would like to perform the estimation and the issues to be estimated. 1. T-Shirt Size Estimation. Relative complexity is easier to judge than a. There is different ways when talking about estimating, we either use relative estimation or Absolute estimation. In agile estimation, the Fibonacci sequence is applied to represent the relative complexity of tasks, the higher the number, the higher the degree of complexity. Planning poker in Agile is usually played by several estimators. Make sure you’ve broken down tasks into smaller units before estimating. If the item is larger than the maximum size, then the. This approach is usually much quicker and easier than trying to estimate your Product Backlog with Planning Poker. Bucket System – Agile Estimation Method 3. It originates from decision-making and suits both small and large teams. It helps to emphasize that some. Team Estimation Game Part I: The Big Line-up. It sizes each user story with the other. The cards are revealed, and the estimates are. Strawberry. , 20, 40, 100)” — Scaled Agile. 6 Estimation Tools. Story points are often used in a modified Fibonacci sequence to indicate the higher variance with larger efforts. Use this sequence to estimate the size of user stories in story points. Once values have been assigned to each scenario, you use a simple equation of O+P+M/3 to get an estimation. Many simplify the numbers to “1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 20, 40, and 100. Before starting a planning poker session, distribute a full sequence of cards to every person who is participating in the estimation exercise, and you’re ready to get going. Planning poker is an accurate, collaborative, team-building method of estimating the work for each user story. The. Using this sequence as the scoring scale is known as Fibonacci agile estimation, which helps estimate the effort required for agile development tasks. In Agile time estimation with story points, teams use the. 1 – Quick to deliver and minimal complexity. Để bắt đầu một lần ước tính, Product Owner hoặc khách hàng đọc một User Story hoặc mô tả một tính. In the real world, where money is measured in time, story points are. In minutes. There are several practical methods to implement Fibonacci estimation in Agile environments. You may wonder what Fibonacci has to do with agile? The most common estimation method is story points, a technique based on the Fibonacci sequence. Type of work team strives to do during sprints remains similar. In the broad sense of Agile, estimation refers to expert opinions about when a piece of work can be completed based on its complexity. In fact it grows as a logarithmic function. As a borrower, I want to calculate my loan eligibility based on my income and credit score, so I know how much I can borrow. The factors involved in the estimation of effort include the complexity of the story, the amount of work, and the risk/impacts of failure [1. If you’ve ever done agile estimating with story points or used Planning Poker ®, you may have used either the Fibonacci sequence or a modified Fibonacci sequence. The team calculates that the 500 hours would take 2. Use story points to track the progress of the team and to forecast the completion date of the project. Avantages de l’échelle de Fibonacci pour vos estimations agiles. 2. Fibonacci agile estimation method starts with a list of tasks to plot. Using story point estimation, you can easily. Team is self-organizing. Using Fibonacci as a framework for estimating story points creates a standard by which everyone on the team can work together quickly to: Understand the relative size of different initiatives so that decision-makers can make trade off decisionsAgile Techniques to Estimate Based on Effort. The team can then estimate the user story by discussing its complexity and assigning a corresponding number of estimation points to it. But interestingly, Scrum doesn't impose to use any estimation technique. A common scale used by agile teams is the Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc. 5400 Airport Blvd. For estimating complexity Agile teams often use the Fibonacci sequence (½,1,2,3,5,8,13,…). The traditional approach is to estimate using a “bottom-up” technique: detail out all requirements and estimate each task to complete those requirements in. Fibonacci sequence is a popular scoring scale within some teams. This conversation continues with some FAQs and Coaching tips in Part II: Coaching the gray areas of sizing ~Julee Everett Hone your craft, speak your truth, show. . The Fibonacci Sequence increases from 1 to 34 and beyond. SCRUM: Fibonacci Agile Estimation # agile # scrum # backlogestimation # fibonacci. Each number is the sum of the. Many agile teams use story points as the unit to score their tasks. A Modified Fibonacci Sequence is a relative estimating number sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 20, 40, 100) that reflects the inherent uncertainty of the job being estimated. We then assign story points to each of the stories based on the effort that will be. the Fibonacci sequence. Estimation is a necessary technique for planning work. When we observe the geometry of plants, it’s easy to recognize recurring patterns in nature. Cost estimation. With accurate, agile estimation, it will be helpful for the development team to conduct effective backlog grooming sessions, which will further help in precise sprint planning. Fibonacci Sequence . 5. Professional Agile Leadership - EBM Advanced level of understanding about how an empirical approach helps organizations. Many teams use T-shirt sizes (S, M, L, XL), but you can also use the Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so on). Estimating user stories for agile and waterfall methodologies can be made easier with the help of various tools. Check out this one: Agile-Estimation-Poker-Cards-Fibonacci — only ranges until 21. Pontos de história representam o tamanho, a complexidade e o esforço necessário para completar uma história de usuário. The bigger the user story, the harder it is. Planning Poker® is a consensus-based technique for agile estimating. g. In the Agile arena, one can find that if seven people estimate a task to take, say, 10 hours, 5 hours, 12 hours, 4 hours, 11 hours, 7 hours, and 6 hours, and the task actually took 7. But for devs, Fibonacci numbers represent relative complexity, its not "Fibonacci X = Y hours". Of course, this is based on ‘known known’ with some contingency for the ‘known unknowns’. Let’s understand each of these in detail. One of the most common scales (and the one used in Zenhub by default), is called the Fibonacci scale: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 40. Accurate estimation is important for effective planning, prioritization, and resource allocation. Agile Estimation. Fibonacci Numbers is a nonlinear progression (the gap between adjacent numbers keeps increasing exponentially) This increased gap in numerical value forces a deeper discussion between the team members before they all agree to assign the appropriate Fibonacci Number associated with the complexity of the. T-shirt sizes make for a quick and universally. Since there are many ‘jobs to be done’ in the backlog, simply use relative numbers to compare jobs. However, limited research has been conducted on the topic of effort estimation in agile software development using artificial intelligence. The smallest tasks are estimated at 1 point and then. Agile estimation is a development team activity, not the solo work of the Scrum Master or Product Owner. There are several ways of estimating story points, and the two most common ways are by using the Fibonacci sequence, and by using the planning Poker method. Once all team members have played their estimate card, they discuss the differences and align on the estimation. With accurate, agile estimation, the development team can conduct practical backlog grooming sessions, which further helps in precise sprint planning. The Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical series of numbers that was introduced in the 13th century and used to explain certain formative aspects of nature, such as the branching of trees. Fibonacci scale: numbers from the Fibonacci series like 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and so on For simplicity’s sake, most Agile teams tend to pick the Fibonacci series for their story points estimation . Actually the ones who were abused to estimate 100 Stories, are. Some of the to-the-point benefits of Agile Estimation techniques include: 1. What is the Fibonacci scale?The Fibonacci sequence is useful for user story estimation because it reflects the exponential growth of uncertainty and complexity as tasks get larger. Configure your Magic Estimation Template. Agile Scrum is available in paperback and ebook formats at Amazon. The product owner will then bring a user story to the table. If you’ve ever done agile estimating with story points or used Planning Poker ®, you may have used either the Fibonacci sequence or a modified Fibonacci sequence. Poker planning, story points, focus factor, dirty hours and mandays are not a part of the Scrum Framework. The Fibonacci Sequence is a series of numbers where a number is the addition of the. Fibonacci Series & Story PointsIn Fibonacci-based estimation scales, there is a higher number of values below than above the medium value of the scale. Easier. There are several practical methods to implement Fibonacci estimation in Agile environments. The team estimates this work will take 500 hours and they have a one-week Sprint with only five Developers. Estimating work effort in agile projects is fundamentally different from traditional methods of estimation. In Scrum teams, two estimation approaches are commonly used: Ideal Hours and Story Point estimation. Use either in Scrum or Kanban planning meetings. Some agilists argue that it. Why the Fibonacci Sequence Works Well for Estimating. 0 – Very quick to deliver and no complexity. Affinity Estimation is a great technique if a project has just started, and have a backlog that. The group decides on a maximum size for items (e. Using the Fibonacci scale as an estimation tool is beneficial because the large difference between the exponential numbers makes distinguishing between complex and simple tasks easier. For example, a team might use a Fibonacci. Avoid using too many sizes so team members aren’t confused. Planning Poker, also called “Scrum Poker,”. Fibonacci agile estimation uses a sequence of Fibonacci numbers to represent the uncertainty of an estimate. Agile Estimating Tools. Estimating with story points in Agile is quick and accurate, and offers understanding when it comes to the relative effort required for stories that you’ve never. 3. A point is not a unit of time. With accurate, agile estimation, the development team can conduct practical backlog grooming sessions, which further helps in precise sprint planning. During Product Backlog refinement. 1. + Follow. Then the team reviews and discusses tasks on the backlog, one at a time, and team. Typically, an Agile team identifies the smallest user story—This story will serve as the baseline. Practice: Estimation. Story points represent the size, complexity, and. Agile Estimation Video by David Griffiths 2014Use our Fibonacci Scale Agile Example Template to estimate your Agile story points for your workflow. However, in Mike Cohn's 2004 book, User Stories Applied, he recommended using a scale of 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 20, 40 and 80 (with 100 later substituting for 80). One of the reasons we do this is that we don’t want to foster the illusion that we know exactly how. Why the Fibonacci Sequence Works Well for Estimating. Planning poker, also called Scrum poker, is a consensus-based, gamified technique for estimating, mostly used for timeboxing in Agile principles. Story Point is a popular measuring unit used by Agile practitioner. Such arrangements involving. In planning poker, members of the group make estimates by playing numbered cards face-down to the table, instead of speaking them aloud. Planning Poker is an agile estimating and planning technique that is designed for the agile team to have consensus among the teams members and develop a strategy for implementing their plan. 99. Press Play on Planning Poker Online. 2. Planning Poker, also known as Scrum Poker, is a consensus-based agile estimation technique used in software development projects to estimate the effort, complexity, and time required to complete tasks or user stories. Onboarding the Team. Teams generally estimate in “relative complexity”. It aids in estimating the effort required for agile development tasks. Agile Story Points: Modified Fibonacci Sequence. The Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc. In SAFe, WSJF is estimated as the relative cost of delay divided by the relative job duration. In the earlier example, most people would pick 34 because the other options are 21 or 55 (see the image below). Agile The Agile Manifesto was created in 2001 to put a name to what had been happening since 1957 when software development started to become more iterative. One of the biggest challenges that Agile teams face is estimating the effort required to complete a user story. Master Agile prioritization with 4 key techniques for Scrum excellence. The Fibonacci series graciously defines the complex nature of building the product or delivering the right product. Fibonacci sequence numbers offer a simple scale for estimating agile story points. Scrum Estimation - In Scrum Projects, Estimation is done by the entire team during Sprint Planning Meeting. Fibonacci agile estimation is the use of the Fibonacci sequence as the scale when estimating the amount of effort required in agile development tasks. What we have listed above.